1. Volatility Without Liquidity
Markets often look “fast” when prices jump, but speed is usually a symptom of thin participation rather than universal conviction. When a few timeframes step back—market makers widen, funds pause, retail hesitates—the order book develops air pockets. A modest burst of urgency can then travel far with little resistance. Headlines get credit, yet the microstructure sets the runway. This is why some gap-and-go days stall once inventory is redistributed: urgency fades, depth returns, and the auction normalizes.
A common reading error is to label any sharp move as “new information.” Sometimes that’s true. But just as often the time alignment—who must act now vs. who can wait—explains the path. When long-horizon participants are absent, short-horizon traders trade mostly with each other, amplifying variance without adding much signal. Conversely, when deeper capital shows up, the same headline may cause only a brief spike.
For readers, the task is to separate story from structure. Stories point to catalysts; structure reveals capacity. Ask: What changed—beliefs, or the ability to transact? If you misattribute structure to story, you overfit narratives; if you ignore story, you miss regime shifts. Expert comprehension holds both: catalyst plausibility and microstructural feasibility.

2. Transfer Without Overlap
People often assume that getting faster at a puzzle generalizes to everyday thinking. Yet most “gains” reflect adaptation to the puzzle’s micro-regularities: cues become predictable, response mappings harden, and timing expectations sync to the task. Far transfer requires representational overlap between practice and target tasks and, more importantly, bottleneck alignment—the same limiting process must be relieved in both. Without that alignment, speed improvements behave like treadmill fitness: impressive on the console, negligible on the hill.
This is why score jumps in brain-game dashboards frequently fail to move grades or job performance. Under task switching or dual-task load, the trained routine can even backfire: it hogs attention, leaving fewer resources for what changed. When transfer does occur, it usually comes from policy redeployment—people adopt better retrieval schedules, attentional gating, or chunking—rather than from the content of the drills themselves.
For readers, the task is to separate advertising story from cognitive structure. Ask: What overlaps—stimuli, goals, or the actual bottleneck? Has the intervention changed beliefs, or the ability to execute under realistic constraints like fatigue and noise? If you misread scoreboard gains as general ability, you overfit narratives; if you ignore rare but real far-transfer cases, you miss strategies that scale. Expert comprehension holds both: plausible catalysts and structural feasibility.

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