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Some researchers claim that aggressive children simply prefer violent TV and would behave just as violently without that exposure. However, that argument cannot account for the results of numerous studies ① in which children are assigned to watch either a violent or nonviolent video or film. In most of this research, ② those exposed to violence behave more aggressively immediately afterward. In one study, for example, 396 seven- to nine-year-old boys watched either a violent or nonviolent film and then played indoor hockey. Researchers who did not know which film the boys had seen ③ rated their aggressive acts during the game, looking for moves that are banned in hockey. These included elbowing, kneeing, and tripping opponents. Overall, the boy who saw the violent film ④ were more aggressive.