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1.

In legal cases, evidence plays a crucial role in determining the outcome. Circumstantial evidence refers to information that suggests a fact by implication or inference. For example, finding a suspect's fingerprints at a crime scene does not directly prove they committed the crime but implies their presence. On the other hand, direct evidence directly links a person to the crime, such as a video recording of the suspect committing the act. While circumstantial evidence alone may not be conclusive, multiple pieces of it can collectively build a strong case.


Which of the following best describes the main difference between circumstantial evidence and direct evidence?

A. Circumstantial evidence directly proves a fact, while direct evidence suggests it indirectly.
B. Circumstantial evidence requires inference, whereas direct evidence clearly proves a fact.
C. Direct evidence is less reliable than circumstantial evidence in court.
D. Circumstantial evidence is based only on witness testimony, while direct evidence is physical proof.


2.

In 1947, the invention of the transistor revolutionized the world of technology. Before its invention, electronic devices relied on bulky and fragile vacuum tubes, which limited their efficiency and size. The transistor, being smaller, more durable, and energy-efficient, paved the way for the development of modern electronics. From smartphones and computers to medical devices and communication systems, transistors are at the core of nearly every electronic product today. This tiny component not only made devices smaller and faster but also drastically changed how people communicate, work, and live, shaping the foundation of the digital age.


Which of the following is the most appropriate title for this passage?

A. The Competition Between Vacuum Tubes and Transistors
B. How Transistors Work in Modern Electronics
C. The Invention of the Transistor and Its Impact on Our Lives
D. The Future of Semiconductor Technology


3.

Himeji Castle, located in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, is one of the most well-preserved and beautiful examples of traditional Japanese castle architecture. Built in the early 17th century, it is often called the "White Heron Castle" because its elegant white walls are said to resemble a heron taking flight. The castle is renowned for its complex defensive design, including winding paths and hidden gates, which were strategically built to confuse and slow down enemies. In 1993, Himeji Castle was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its historical significance and exceptional preservation. Today, it attracts millions of visitors each year who come to admire its architectural beauty and learn about Japan's feudal history.


Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A. Himeji Castle is also known as the "White Heron Castle."
B. The castle was originally built in the 15th century.
C. It was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.
D. The castle's design was intended to confuse intruders.