Unravelling the Origin and Migration of Korean: Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Ancient Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Variations in Korean and Central Asian(Uzbek) Key Words Origin of Korean, Migration of Korean, Mongolia, Central Asia, Uzbekistan, ancient DNA, Y Chromosome, Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA), single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP), Physical Anthropology, Molecular Phylogenetics Institute Chung-Ang University Project Leader Kwang-Ho Lee Project Period 2007 . 04. - 2007 . 12. In order to achieve the final goal of this project "Unravelling the origin and migration of Korean", we have collected ancient bones excavated from Korean peninsula, Mongolia and Uzbekistan and carried out physical anthropological, molecular phylogenetical and statistical analyses for the ancient bones collected in 2007. Also, we have tried to interpret our results in view of humane science and to construct the international network for collaboration with Asian researchers. We have collected 427, 585 and 450 ancient bones in Korean peninsula, Mongolia and Uzbekistan which are corresponding to the historical age from Neolithic to modern, respectively. By physical anthropological analysis, Korean showed very similar physical features with Mongolian from Bronze to Scythian period, but started to show big different physical features from Xiougnu(or Hunnu) period. Uzbek was found to have quite different physical features from Korean and Mongolian. Molecular phylogenetic results demonstrated that ancient Korea, Shilla and ancient Mongolian, Scythian had very similar constitution of Y haplogroups whereas Korean and Mongolian of other historical periods showed no similarity each other. Except of similarity between Shilla and Scythian, Korean, Mongolian and Uzbek were quite different each other in the constitution of Y haplogroups irrespectively of historical period. mtDNA results also demonstrated that there was close relationship between Shilla and Scythian in constitution of mtDNA haplogroups, and the other group including Monglian Bronze, modern, ancient Uzbek, Nukdo Korean, Baekjae and Chosun showed the similar pattern in constitution of mtDNA haplogroups. However, Xiongnu showed no similarity with all populations of different historical periods and regions. Using STR analysis, it was postulated that Gongjoo Danjili(Baekjae) tomb showed the burial method of maternal line, 11 ancient bones that were assumed to be Mongolian 'Golden family' could belong to the same family line and peoples from two different maternal lineages, who corresponded to at least two generation were buried in the same big Najoo Youngdongli(Baekjae) tomb. We also tried to understand the humane meaning of our results and to construct the international network by solidifying the relationship with Asian researchers. The results of this project will be used as valuable information for unravelling the origin and migration of Korean.