์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์™€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„๋ณด์•˜์Œ. ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ๋…์ผ 3๋Œ€ ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์„œ์ ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„œ์ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์‚ฌ ํŽธ์—์„œ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ์™€ ์„œ์–‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์„œ์ ๋“ค๋งŒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ์Œ



19์„ธ๊ธฐ

19์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ์™ธ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ค์„œ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ. ์ด๊ฑด ์„œ์–‘๊ทผํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์„œ์ ์ด 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์™€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์•ž์‹œ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์„œ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•  ํ™‰์Šค๋ด„์˜ 3๋ถ€์ž‘์ด ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ์–ด๋А ์ •๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜ ์‹ถ์Œ



1. ์—๋ฆญ ํ™‰์Šค๋ด„, ์žฅ๊ธฐ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ 3๋ถ€์ž‘(ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€, ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€, ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€)

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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์žฅ์ธ ํ™‰์Šค๋ด„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘์ž„. ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜์˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ์žฅ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ "์žฅ๊ธฐ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ(The Long Nineteenth Century)"์™€ "๋‹จ๊ธฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ(The Short Twentieth Century)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์ž‘์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•จ. ์ฒซ๊ถŒ์ธ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 1962๋…„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ๋งŒํผ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์˜› ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ ํ• ๋งŒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ํ˜๋ช…์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„œ๊ตฌ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋„์‹์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ตณ๊ฑดํ•จ. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์งš๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผํ•  ๋Œ€์ž‘์ž„. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋’ท๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์•ˆ์ข‹์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค์—ญ ํˆฌ์„ฑ์ด์ž„



2. Richard J. Evans, The Pursuit of Power

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ํ™‰์Šค๋ด„์˜ ์ฑ…์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๊ถŒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ์ง€ 40๋…„์ด ๋‹ค๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋งŒํผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ €์ž‘์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ. ํ•ด์™ธ์„œ ์ค‘์—์„  2016๋…„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ณธ์ž‘์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์–ด๋А ์ •๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜ ์‹ถ์Œ. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋” ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„ ๋Œ€์„ธ์— ๋ฐœ๋งž์ถ˜ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ†ต์‚ฌ๋Š” Christopher Bayly์˜ The Birth of Modern World๋‚˜ ๊ณง ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์œ„๋ฅด๊ฒ ์˜ค์Šคํ„ฐํ•˜๋ฉœ์˜ ใ€Š๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ˜ใ€‹์ด ์žˆ๊ธดํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฑด ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ํฌ์ปค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณธ์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ถ”์ฒœํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๋“ฏํ•จ




20์„ธ๊ธฐ

1. ์—๋ฆญ ํ™‰์Šค๋ด„, ๊ทน๋‹จ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€

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20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ํ™‰์Šค๋ด„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ํŽธ์ž„. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ™‰์Šค๋ด„์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ณธ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์•ˆ์ข‹์•„์„œ ์›์„œ๋กœ ์ฝ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋‚˜์„์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Œ



2. ๋งˆํฌ ๋งˆ์กฐ์›Œ, ์•”ํ‘์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™

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ํ˜„์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์„œ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ €์ž‘์ž„. ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€ ๋ฐœ์นธ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ณตํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ธ๋งŒํผ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์จ๋‚ด๋ ค ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ž„. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ €์ž‘



3. ํ† ๋‹ˆ ์ฃผํŠธ, ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์›Œ(์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋ณธ์€ ์ „ํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ)

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2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ๊ด€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ฑ…์ด ํ‘œ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋จ. ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ์žฅ์ ์€ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์–ด๋””์— ์ณ์šฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžŒ ๋น„์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์Œ. ์ „ํ›„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ ์ž…๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹จ์—ฐ ์ด ์ฑ…๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•จ



4. ์ด์–ธ ์ปค์‡ผ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ

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์•ž์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ Tim Blanning, Richard Evans์˜ ์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ Penguin์‚ฌ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ €์ž‘์ž„. ์ด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜์–ด๊ถŒ์—์„œ ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌ ์ž…๋ฌธ์„œ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋งˆ์นจ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์ด์•ˆ ์ปค์‡ผ์˜ 2๋ถ€์ž‘์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜์˜ด. ์—ญ์‹œ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ ํ• ๋งŒํ•จ



5. ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์„œ์–‘ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌ

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ํ•œ๋•Œ ํ•™๋ถ€ ์„œ์–‘ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ต์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์˜€๋˜ ์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Œ. ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•จ

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