[μλ¬Έ]
Although semantic, associative, and form priming are well established,[58] some longer-term priming effects were not replicated in further studies, casting doubt on their effectiveness or even existence.[59] Nobel laureate and psychologist Daniel Kahneman has called on priming researchers to check the robustness of their findings in an open letter to the community, claiming that priming has become a "poster child for doubts about the integrity of psychological research."[60] In 2022, Kahneman described behavioral priming research as "effectively dead."[61] Other critics have asserted that priming studies suffer from major publication bias,[11] experimenter effect[12] and that criticism of the field is not dealt with constructively.[62]
[λ²μλ¬Έ]
μλ―Έμ , μ°μμ , ννμ μ ν ν¨κ³Όλ νκ³ ν μ리 μ‘κ³ μμ§λ§,[58] μΌλΆ μ₯κΈ°κ°μ κ±ΈμΉ μ ν ν¨κ³Όλ νμ μ°κ΅¬μμ μ¬νλμ§ μμ κ·Έ ν¨κ³Όμ±μ΄λ μ¬μ§μ΄ μ‘΄μ¬ μ체μ μλ¬Έμ΄ μ κΈ°λκ³ μμ΅λλ€.[59] λ
Έλ²¨μ μμμμ΄μ μ¬λ¦¬νμμΈ λλμΌ μΉ΄λλ¨Όμ νκ³μ 보λ΄λ κ³΅κ° μνμμ, μ ν ν¨κ³Όκ° "μ¬λ¦¬ν μ°κ΅¬μ μ§μ€μ±μ λν μꡬμ¬μ 보μ¬μ£Όλ λνμ μΈ μ¬λ‘(poster child)"κ° λμλ€κ³ μ£Όμ₯νλ©°, μ ν μ°κ΅¬μλ€μκ² μμ λ€μ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όκ° μΌλ§λ νννμ§(robustness) μ κ²ν κ²μ μ΄κ΅¬νμ΅λλ€.[60] 2022λ
μ μΉ΄λλ¨Όμ νλ μ ν μ°κ΅¬κ° "μ¬μ€μ μ£½μλ€(effectively dead)"κ³ νννμ΅λλ€.[61] λ€λ₯Έ λΉνκ°λ€μ μ ν μ°κ΅¬κ° μ¬κ°ν μΆν νΈν₯[11]κ³Ό μ€νμ ν¨κ³Ό[12]λ₯Ό κ²ͺκ³ μμΌλ©°, ν΄λΉ λΆμΌμ λν λΉνμ΄ κ±΄μ€μ μΌλ‘ λ€λ€μ§μ§ μκ³ μλ€κ³ μ£Όμ₯νμ΅λλ€.[62]
μΆμ²: μμ΄ μν€λ°±κ³Όμ 'μ νν¨κ³ΌPriming (psychology)' νλͺ©
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[μλ¬Έ]
If a large and diverse body of published evidence supports a conclusion, you must believe in it. You are not allowed to believe onIy results that seem plausible to you.
I will now share a personal experience of belief perseverance that I cannot shake. Ten years ago, when I was young and foolish, I published Thinking, Fast and Slow. An important chapter in that book was concerned with behavioral priming. For example, the famous study in which people who have been made to think of old age walk more slowly than they normally would. I felt at the time that the evidence was important to my view. And I credited the author of that particular study, John Bargh, with being a significant influence on my work.
The spectacular results that I described in that chapter were mentioned in most reviews of my book and came up more often than anything else in the letters that I got about it. I was completely committed to believing those findings, and in arguing about them I made what I thought was a good point about science, that belief in results is not optional, that if a large and diverse body of published evidence supports a conclusion, you must believe in it. You are not allowed to believe onIy results that seem plausible to you.
Well, I was wrong, at least in that case. The studies of behavioral priming that I had cited in the chapter were largely discredited in the famous replication crisis of psychology. I'll come back later to what the authors of those studies made of this. As you may now expect they didn't change their mind, but I did. And I publicly retracted the chapter.
However, it turns out that I onIy changed my mind about the evidence. My view of how the mind works didn't change at all. The evidence is gone, but the beliefs are still standing. Indeed, I cannot think of a single important opinion that I have changed as a result of losing my faith in the studies of behavioral priming, although they seemed quite important to me at the time.
(μ€λ΅)
The last anecdotes that I want to share with you are about the replication crisis, which turns out to be relevant to the topic of adversarial collaboration in several ways. I already mentioned that the early focus of the replication crisis was behavioral priming. Specifically, someone failed to replicate Bargh's iconic study of slow walking. I got actively engaged because I believed in Bargh's work. A former student had told me sometime earlier that she didn't believe the study and wanted to replicate it. And my answer to her was "don't try to replicate because you will fail. I would also fail, and yet I believe the results. These experiments demand a sort of artistic directorial skill that neither you nor I possess. But I believe that John Bargh does, and that he is capable of replicating his own results. And that's enough for me."Β
I now think that this was probably another error of judgment on my part, but at that time, when I heard there would be a workshop on the problem of priming, I volunteered because I wanted to argue the case that some social psychologists have skills that are unique but solid.Β
However, during the two-day workshop that we had on that problem, I was impressed by the strength of the sentiment that was building up against priming. When I came home, I wrote a letter to a list of priming researchers whose names I got mostly from Bargh. In the letter, I warned the researchers about a looming train-wreck that would be especially damaging to their students on the job market. I identified myself as a general believer and reiterated my skepticism about replications by investigators who lack the special skills needed for successful priming research. That's what I believed then. I suggested an idea that I call "daisy chain" replications, where a group of labs that agree on the phenomenon and agree that behavioral priming is real get together. Each lab picks its favorite result. The result of lab A is replicated by lab B, the result of B replicated by C, and so on.Β
Social psychologists circled the wagons and developed a strong antipathy for the replicators. A President of the American Psychological Society called them "methodological terrorists."Β
One week later, the letter was leaked and published in Nature with an incendiary title: "Nobel Laureate tells social psychologists to clean up their act." I had naively failed to anticipate this outcome. Then all hell broke loose.
Believe it or not. I've been blamed for causing the replication crisis by attracting media attention to a minor problem. Some social psychologists have wondered about my motives for wanting to destroy social psychology by that letter, and I lost many friends.
The crisis provides ample evidence for the thesis that I'm developing today. People didn't change their minds. Social psychologists circled the wagons and developed a strong antipathy for the replicators. A President of the American Psychological Society called them "methodological terrorists," and another eminent psychologist suggested that people who have ideas of their own would not get involved in replications. There were essentially no takers for my suggestion that priming researchers should proactively replicate each other's work. This eventually convinced me that they did not have real confidence. They believed their findings were true, but they were not quite sure they could replicate them, and they didn't want to take the riskβanother instance of belief perseverance.
[λ²μλ¬Έ]
λ°©λνκ³ λ€μν λ°νλ μ¦κ±°κ° μ΄λ€ κ²°λ‘ μ λ·λ°μΉ¨νλ€λ©΄, λΉμ μ κ·Έκ²μ λ―Ώμ΄μΌλ§ ν©λλ€. μμ μκ² κ·Έλ΄μΈν΄ 보μ΄λ κ²°κ³Όλ§ κ³¨λΌμ λ―Ώλ κ²μ νμ©λμ§ μμ΅λλ€.
μ΄μ μ λ λμ ν λ¨μ³λΌ μ μλ 'μ λ κ³ μ(belief perseverance)'μ λν μ κ°μΈμ μΈ κ²½νμ λ§μλλ¦¬κ³ μ ν©λλ€. 10λ μ , μ κ° μμ§ μ κ³ μ΄λ¦¬μμμ λ μ λ γμκ°μ κ΄ν μκ°(Thinking, Fast and Slow)γμ μΆκ°νμ΅λλ€. κ·Έ μ± μ μ€μν μ₯ νλκ° 'νλ μ ν(behavioral priming)'λ₯Ό λ€λ£¨κ³ μμμ΅λλ€. μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, λ Έλ μ λν΄ μκ°νκ²λ μ λλ μ¬λλ€μ΄ νμλ³΄λ€ λ μ²μ²ν κ±·κ² λλ€λ μ λͺ ν μ°κ΅¬ κ°μ κ² λ§μ λλ€. λΉμ μ λ κ·Έ μ¦κ±°κ° μ κ΄μ μ λ§€μ° μ€μνλ€κ³ λκΌμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλμ κ·Έ νΉμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ μμΈ μ‘΄ λ°κ·Έ(John Bargh)κ° μ μμ μ μ§λν μν₯μ λ―Έμ³€λ€κ³ 곡μ λ리기λ νμ΅λλ€.
μ κ° κ·Έ μ₯μμ λ¬μ¬ν λλΌμ΄ κ²°κ³Όλ€μ μ μ± μ μν λλΆλΆμμ μΈκΈλμκ³ , μ± κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨ν΄ μ κ° λ°μ νΈμ§μμλ λ€λ₯Έ μ΄λ€ λ΄μ©λ³΄λ€ μμ£Ό λ±μ₯νμ΅λλ€. μ λ κ·Έ λ°κ²¬λ€μ μ μ μΌλ‘ λ―ΏμμΌλ©°, κ·Έμ λν΄ λ Όμν λ μ κ° κ³Όνμ κ΄ν΄ κ½€ νλ₯ν μ£Όμ₯μ νΌμΉκ³ μλ€κ³ μκ°νμ΅λλ€. μ¦, μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όμ λν λ―Ώμμ μ ν μ¬νμ΄ μλλ©°, λ°©λνκ³ λ€μν λ°νλ μ¦κ±°κ° μ΄λ€ κ²°λ‘ μ λ·λ°μΉ¨νλ€λ©΄ κ·Έκ²μ λ―Ώμ΄μΌ νλ€λ κ²μ΄μμ΅λλ€. μμ μκ² κ·Έλ΄λ―ν΄ λ³΄μ΄λ κ²°κ³Όλ§ λ―Ώμ΄μλ μ λλ€κ³ λ§μ΄μ£ .
νμ§λ§, μ μ΄λ κ·Έ κ²½μ°μλ μ κ° νλ Έμ΅λλ€. μ κ° κ·Έ μ₯μμ μΈμ©νλ νλ μ ν μ°κ΅¬λ€μ μ¬λ¦¬νκ³μ κ·Έ μ λͺ ν 'μ¬νμ± μκΈ°(replication crisis)'λ₯Ό κ±°μΉλ©° μλΉ λΆλΆ μ λΉμ±μ μμμ΅λλ€. κ·Έ μ°κ΅¬μ μ μλ€μ΄ μ΄ μν©μ μ΄λ»κ² λ°μλ€μλμ§μ λν΄μλ λμ€μ λ€μ μ΄μΌκΈ°νκ² μ΅λλ€. μ§κΈμ―€ μ§μνμκ² μ§λ§ κ·Έλ€μ λ§μμ λ°κΎΈμ§ μμκ³ , μ λ λ§μμ λ°κΏ¨μ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ λ 곡κ°μ μΌλ‘ κ·Έ μ₯μ λ΄μ©μ μ² ννμ΅λλ€.
κ·Έλ¬λ κ²°κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ μ λ μ€μ§ 'μ¦κ±°'μ λν΄μλ§ λ§μμ λ°κΎΌ μ μ΄ λμμ΅λλ€. μΈκ°μ λ§μμ΄ μ΄λ»κ² μλνλμ§μ λν μ κ΄μ μ μ‘°κΈλ λ³νμ§ μμμΌλκΉμ. μ¦κ±°λ μ¬λΌμ‘μ§λ§, μ λ μ μ¬μ ν λ¨μ μμ΅λλ€. μ€μ λ‘, λΉμμλ μ κ² κ½€ μ€μν΄ λ³΄μμμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ κ·Έ νλ μ ν μ°κ΅¬λ€μ λν λ―Ώμμ μμ κ²°κ³Όλ‘ μ κ° λ°κΎΌ μ€μν μ견μ λ¨ νλλ λ μ€λ₯΄μ§ μμ΅λλ€.
(μ€λ΅)
μ κ° μ¬λ¬λΆκ³Ό λλκ³ μΆμ λ§μ§λ§ μΌνλ€μ μ¬νμ± μκΈ°(replication crisis)μ κ΄ν κ²μΈλ°, μ΄λ μ¬λ¬ λ©΄μμ 'μ λμ νλ ₯(adversarial collaboration)'μ΄λΌλ μ£Όμ μ κ΄λ ¨μ΄ μμ΅λλ€. μμ μ λ μ¬νμ± μκΈ°μ μ΄κΈ° μ΄μ μ΄ νλ μ ν(behavioral priming)μ λ§μΆ°μ Έ μμλ€κ³ μΈκΈνμ΅λλ€. ꡬ체μ μΌλ‘ λ§νμλ©΄, λκ΅°κ°κ° μ²μ²ν κ±·κΈ°μ κ΄ν μ‘΄ λ°κ·Έ(John Bargh)μ μμ§μ μΈ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ¬ννλ λ° μ€ν¨ν μΌμ΄ μμμ΅λλ€. μ λ λ°κ·Έμ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό λ―ΏμκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ΄ λ¬Έμ μ μ κ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ κ΄μ¬νκ² λμμ΅λλ€. μΈμ κ° μ μμ νμ μ€ ν λͺ μ΄ κ·Έ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό λ―Ώμ§ μμΌλ©° μ§μ μ¬νν΄ λ³΄κ³ μΆλ€κ³ λ§ν μ μ΄ μμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ μ λ μ΄λ κ² λλ΅νμ΅λλ€. "μ¬ννλ €κ³ μλνμ§ λ§, μ€ν¨ν ν λκΉ. λλ μ€ν¨ν κ±°μΌ. νμ§λ§ λ κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ―Ώμ΄. μ΄ μ€νλ€μ λλ λνν λ μλ μΌμ’ μ μμ μ μΈ μ°μΆ λ₯λ ₯μ νμλ‘ ν΄. νμ§λ§ λλ μ‘΄ λ°κ·Έμκ²λ κ·Έλ° λ₯λ ₯μ΄ μκ³ , κ·Έκ° μμ μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ¬νν μ μλ€κ³ λ―Ώμ΄. λνν λ κ·Έκ±Έλ‘ μΆ©λΆν΄."
μ§κΈ μκ°ν΄λ³΄λ©΄ μ΄ μμ μ νλ¨ μ°©μ€μλ κ² κ°μ΅λλ€. νμ§λ§ λΉμμλ μ ν λ¬Έμ μ κ΄ν μν¬μμ΄ μ΄λ¦°λ€λ μμμ λ£κ³ , μΌλΆ μ¬ν μ¬λ¦¬νμλ€μ΄ λ νΉνλ©΄μλ ννν κΈ°μ μ κ°μ§κ³ μλ€λ μ£Όμ₯μ νΌμΉκ³ μΆμ΄ μμν΄μ μ°Έμνμ΅λλ€.
κ·Έλ¬λ κ·Έ λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό λ€λ£¬ μ΄νκ°μ μν¬μ λμ, μ λ μ ν μ°κ΅¬μ λ°λνμ¬ κ³ μ‘°λκ³ μλ μ μκ° μΌλ§λ κ°λ ₯νμ§ μ€κ°νκ² λμμ΅λλ€. μ§μΌλ‘ λμμ¨ ν, μ λ μ£Όλ‘ λ°κ·Έμκ²μ λ°μ λͺ λ¨μ λ°νμΌλ‘ μ ν μ°κ΅¬μλ€μκ² νΈμ§λ₯Ό μΌμ΅λλ€. κ·Έ νΈμ§μμ μ λ λ€κ°μ€λ κ±°λν μ¬λ(looming train-wreck)μ΄ νΉν κ΅¬μ§ μμ₯μ λμ¨ κ·Έλ€μ νμλ€μκ² ν° ν격μ μ€ κ²μ΄λΌκ³ μ°κ΅¬μλ€μκ² κ²½κ³ νμ΅λλ€. μ λ μ€μ€λ‘λ₯Ό μ λ°μ μΌλ‘ μ ν ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό λ―Ώλ μ¬λμ΄λΌκ³ λ°νλ©°, μ±κ³΅μ μΈ μ ν μ°κ΅¬μ νμν νΉλ³ν κΈ°μ μ΄ λΆμ‘±ν μ°κ΅¬μλ€μ μ¬ν μ€νμ λν μ μ νμμ μΈ μκ°μ λ€μ νλ² κ°μ‘°νμ΅λλ€. κ·Έκ²μ΄ μ κ° λΉμμ λ―Ώμλ λ°μμ΅λλ€. μ λ κ·Έ νμμ λμνκ³ νλ μ νκ° μ€μ¬νλ€κ³ λ―Ώλ μ°κ΅¬μ€λ€μ΄ ν¨κ» λͺ¨μ¬ μ§ννλ μμ "λ°μ΄μ§ 체μΈ(daisy chain)" μ¬νμ΄λΌλ μμ΄λμ΄λ₯Ό μ μνμ΅λλ€. κ° μ°κ΅¬μ€μ΄ κ°μ₯ μ νΈνλ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ ννλ©΄, A μ°κ΅¬μ€μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό B μ°κ΅¬μ€μ΄ μ¬ννκ³ , Bμ κ²°κ³Όλ Cκ° μ¬ννλ μμΌλ‘ 꼬리λ₯Ό 무λ λ°©μμ λλ€.
μ¬ν μ¬λ¦¬νμλ€μ λ°©μ΄ νμΈλ₯Ό μ·¨νλ©° κ²°μνκ³ (circled the wagons), μ¬ν μ°κ΅¬μλ€μ λν΄ κ°ν λ°κ°μ κ°κ² λμμ΅λλ€. λ―Έκ΅μ¬λ¦¬νν(American Psychological Society)μ ν νμ₯μ κ·Έλ€μ κ°λ¦¬μΌ "λ°©λ²λ‘ μ ν λ¬λ¦¬μ€νΈ"λΌκ³ λΆλ₯΄κΈ°λ νμ΅λλ€.
μΌμ£ΌμΌ ν, μ΄ νΈμ§λ μ μΆλμ΄ λ€μ΄μ²(Nature)μ§μ μ€λ Έκ³ , κ±°κΈ°μλ "λ Έλ²¨μ μμμ, μ¬ν μ¬λ¦¬νμλ€μκ² μ€μ€λ‘ λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό λ°λ‘μ‘μΌλΌκ³ μΌμΉ¨μ κ°νλ€"λΌλ μκ·Ήμ μΈ μ λͺ©μ΄ λ¬λ Έμ΅λλ€. μ λ μμ§νκ²λ μ΄λ° κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ ν μμνμ§ λͺ»νμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μμ²λ μμλΌμ₯μ΄ λ²μ΄μ‘μ΅λλ€.
λ―ΏκΈ°μ§ μμΌμκ² μ§λ§, μ λ μ¬μν λ¬Έμ μ μΈλ‘ μ κ΄μ¬μ λμ΄λ€μ¬ μ¬νμ± μκΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄λνλ€λ λΉλμ λ°μμ΅λλ€. μΌλΆ μ¬ν μ¬λ¦¬νμλ€μ μ κ° κ·Έ νΈμ§λ‘ μ¬ν μ¬λ¦¬νμ νκ΄΄νλ € ν λκΈ°κ° λ¬΄μμΈμ§ μμ¬νκ³ , μ λ λ§μ μΉκ΅¬λ₯Ό μμμ΅λλ€.
μ΄ μκΈ°λ μ κ° μ€λ μ κ°νκ³ μλ μ£Όμ μ λν μΆ©λΆν μ¦κ±°λ₯Ό μ 곡ν©λλ€. μ¬λλ€μ λ§μμ λ°κΎΈμ§ μμμ΅λλ€. μ¬ν μ¬λ¦¬νμλ€μ λ°©μ΄ νμΈλ₯Ό μ·¨νλ©° μ¬ν μ°κ΅¬μλ€μ λν΄ κ°ν λ°κ°μ κ°κ² λμμ΅λλ€. λ―Έκ΅μ¬λ¦¬ννμ ν νμ₯μ κ·Έλ€μ "λ°©λ²λ‘ μ ν λ¬λ¦¬μ€νΈ"λΌκ³ λΆλ μΌλ©°, λ λ€λ₯Έ μ λͺ ν μ¬λ¦¬νμλ μμ λ§μ κ³ μ ν μμ΄λμ΄κ° μλ μ¬λμ΄λΌλ©΄ μ¬ν μ°κ΅¬ λ°μμλ κ΄μ¬νμ§ μμ κ²μ΄λΌκ³ λ§νμ΅λλ€. μ ν μ°κ΅¬μλ€μ΄ μλ‘μ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ μ μ μΌλ‘ μ¬νν΄μΌ νλ€λ μ μ μμ λ°μλ€μ΄λ μ¬λμ μ¬μ€μ μ무λ μμμ΅λλ€. μ΄λ κ²°κ΅ κ·Έλ€μκ² μ§μ§ μμ κ°μ΄ μλ€λ κ²μ μ κ² νμ μμΌ μ£Όμμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ€μ μμ μ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όκ° μ¬μ€μ΄λΌκ³ λ―Ώμμ§λ§, κ·Έκ²μ μ¬νν μ μμμ§λ νμ νμ§ λͺ»νκ³ κ·Έ μνμ κ°μνκ³ μΆμ΄ νμ§ μμμ΅λλ€. μ΄λ 'μ λ κ³ μ(belief perseverance)'μ λ λ€λ₯Έ μ¬λ‘μ λλ€.
μΆμ²:Β μ£μ§EDGE μ¬λ¨, 'μ λμ νλ ₯Adversarial Collaboration: An EDGE Lecture by Daniel Kahneman'Β
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https://www.edge.org/adversarial-collaboration-daniel-kahneman
γΉγ μΈκ°
μλΈλ¦¬λ―Έλμ²λΌ μ νν¨κ³Όλ μμλ λ μ λΆν° nlpκ°μ μ μ¬μ¬λ¦¬ν μ¬μ΄λΉλ€μ΄ νμ₯νλ μ£Όμ λΌ λ³Έλ¬Έμ λμ¨ κ²μ²λΌ μΉ΄λλ¨Όμ΄ μλμμ΄λ μΈμ κ° ν°μ§ μΌμ΄κΈ΄ νλλ°, νν μΉ΄λλ¨Ό λ³ΈμΈμ΄ λνμ μ λΆμ λΆμΈ κ±°λΌ...
ν΄λΉ λκΈμ μμ λμμ΅λλ€.
νμ§λ§, μ μ΄λ κ·Έ κ²½μ°μλ μ κ° νλ Έμ΅λλ€. μ κ° κ·Έ μ₯μμ μΈμ©νλ νλ μ ν μ°κ΅¬λ€μ μ¬λ¦¬νκ³μ κ·Έ μ λͺ ν 'μ¬νμ± μκΈ°(replication crisis)'λ₯Ό κ±°μΉλ©° μλΉ λΆλΆ μ λΉμ±μ μμμ΅λλ€. κ·Έ μ°κ΅¬μ μ μλ€μ΄ μ΄ μν©μ μ΄λ»κ² λ°μλ€μλμ§μ λν΄μλ λμ€μ λ€μ μ΄μΌκΈ°νκ² μ΅λλ€. μ§κΈμ―€ μ§μνμκ² μ§λ§ κ·Έλ€μ λ§μμ λ°κΎΈμ§ μμκ³ , μ λ λ§μμ λ°κΏ¨μ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ """μ λ 곡κ°μ μΌλ‘ κ·Έ μ₯μ λ΄μ©μ μ² ννμ΅λλ€."""
λ΄ μμ μμ μ€ νλκ° κ΅μ‘νμμ μ¬λ¦¬νμ΄ λ° λͺ»λΆνλ μλκ° λλκ±°μ
λ°λλ‘ κ΅μ‘νμ μ¬λ¦¬νμ΄λΌλ κ³΅λΆ μ’ νκ³ μ¨μΌ ν¨
κ± μκ°μΈλ° λ¨κΈ°μ κ²°μ μ μ μ λ ₯λ μ λ³΄κ° (λ³ μλ―Έμλ λ°μ΄λ리 λ΄μμ)νΈκ²¬μ μν μ ν μ μμκ² κ°κΈ΄νλ κ·Έκ² μ₯κΈ°μ μΈ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ κ² κ°μ§λ μμ.
μ₯κΈ°μ μν₯μ λν΄μλ νμ€ν μκ²¬μ΄ λ§κ³ ... μμ£Ό 체κ³μ μΌλ‘ λ°μνλ, μΉ΄λ€λ§&νλ²μ€ν€μ μ견μ λΉλ¦¬μλ©΄, μμ€ν 2 μμ μ¬κ³ 체κ³μμλ μ νμ ν¨κ³Όκ° λ―Έλ―Έν΄μ§λ κ²μ μ¬μ€μ κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ³ΈμΈμ΄ ν΄λΉ λλ©μΈμ μ μκ³ μμ΄λ μμ κ·Έλ κ³
μ¬λ‘λ‘ μΈκΈλ μ‘΄ λ°κ·Έμ λ Έλ ν€μλ μ νλ‘ μΈν 보ν μλ κ°μ μ°κ΅¬μ κ²½μ°μλ
λμ€μ μ¬ν μμ μ΄μ€λ§Ήκ²κ³Ό μ μΈμ μΌμ κ°μ§λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μΈ‘μ μ νμλ₯ κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ¬κ³ κ° ν°μ§ κ²μ΄ μ΄μ€λ§Ήκ² 쑰건과 μ μΈμ μΌμ 쑰건(μ΄ κ²½μ°μλ μ΄μ€λ§Ήκ²μ΄ μλμ΄λ)μμλ νκ· μ μΈ λ³΄ν μλμ μ μλ―Έν ν΅κ³μ μ°¨μ΄κ° λνλμ§ μμμ
μ¬λ¦¬νμμλ μ΄λ₯Ό μ΄μ€λ§Ήκ²μ μ€μμ±κ³Ό κ΄μ°°μ γ γ γ΄ν₯
μ κ°λ₯΄μΉ λ μ’μ μ¬λ‘λ‘μ κ°λ₯΄μΉκ³ μλ¦
λν μ νμ ν¨κ³Όμ λν΄μ μμ μμ²μ μΌλ‘ λΆμ νμ§λ μμμΌλ©΄ ν¨(λ¬Όλ‘ κ·Έλ μ§ μμ보μ΄κΈ°λ νμ§λ§). μ¬νμ¬λ¦¬νμ κ·Έ μ¬κ±΄ μ μ ν μ°κ΅¬κ° μμ£Ό λ§μ κ²μ μ¬μ€μ΄κ³ κ·Έ λΆμΌ νλ± κΌ°λ μμ μ¨λ€μ΄ μ¬νμ± μκΈ° μ΄νμλ κ°μ§λνλ κ²λ μ¬μ€μ΄μ§λ§(μ¬νμ¬λ¦¬ν νλ μλ°λ€μ κ±°μ§λΆ λμ λ―Έμ³μλ νμΌμ§λ)
μμ κΈ°μ΅ κ°λ νμμ μ νλΌλ κ°λ μ체λ κ°λ ₯νκ² μ§μ§ λ°κ³ μ€μ μ¬ν λΆκ³Όλ₯Ό μ μΈνκ³ λ λ§μ μ¬λ¦¬νμ λΆκ³Όμμ νμΈλκ³ μμ.
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