[원문]

Although semantic, associative, and form priming are well established,[58] some longer-term priming effects were not replicated in further studies, casting doubt on their effectiveness or even existence.[59] Nobel laureate and psychologist Daniel Kahneman has called on priming researchers to check the robustness of their findings in an open letter to the community, claiming that priming has become a "poster child for doubts about the integrity of psychological research."[60] In 2022, Kahneman described behavioral priming research as "effectively dead."[61] Other critics have asserted that priming studies suffer from major publication bias,[11] experimenter effect[12] and that criticism of the field is not dealt with constructively.[62]


[λ²ˆμ—­λ¬Έ]

의미적, 연상적, ν˜•νƒœμ  점화 νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” ν™•κ³ νžˆ 자리 작고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,[58] 일뢀 μž₯기간에 걸친 점화 νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” 후속 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μž¬ν˜„λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„ κ·Έ νš¨κ³Όμ„±μ΄λ‚˜ 심지어 쑴재 μžμ²΄μ— 의문이 제기되고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.[59] 노벨상 μˆ˜μƒμžμ΄μž μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžμΈ λŒ€λ‹ˆμ–Ό μΉ΄λ„ˆλ¨Όμ€ 학계에 λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 곡개 μ„œν•œμ—μ„œ, 점화 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ "심리학 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 진싀성에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜κ΅¬μ‹¬μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ 사둀(poster child)"κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ©°, 점화 μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ νƒ„νƒ„ν•œμ§€(robustness) 점검할 것을 μ΄‰κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.[60] 2022년에 μΉ΄λ„ˆλ¨Όμ€ 행동 점화 연ꡬ가 "사싀상 μ£½μ—ˆλ‹€(effectively dead)"κ³  ν‘œν˜„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.[61] λ‹€λ₯Έ 비평가듀은 점화 연ꡬ가 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 좜판 편ν–₯[11]κ³Ό μ‹€ν—˜μž 효과[12]λ₯Ό κ²ͺκ³  있으며, ν•΄λ‹Ή 뢄야에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„νŒμ΄ κ±΄μ„€μ μœΌλ‘œ 닀뀄지지 μ•Šκ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.[62]

좜처: μ˜μ–΄ μœ„ν‚€λ°±κ³Όμ˜ 'μ ν™”νš¨κ³ΌPriming (psychology)' ν•­λͺ©


------------


[원문]

If a large and diverse body of published evidence supports a conclusion, you must believe in it. You are not allowed to believe onIy results that seem plausible to you.


I will now share a personal experience of belief perseverance that I cannot shake. Ten years ago, when I was young and foolish, I published Thinking, Fast and Slow. An important chapter in that book was concerned with behavioral priming. For example, the famous study in which people who have been made to think of old age walk more slowly than they normally would. I felt at the time that the evidence was important to my view. And I credited the author of that particular study, John Bargh, with being a significant influence on my work.


The spectacular results that I described in that chapter were mentioned in most reviews of my book and came up more often than anything else in the letters that I got about it. I was completely committed to believing those findings, and in arguing about them I made what I thought was a good point about science, that belief in results is not optional, that if a large and diverse body of published evidence supports a conclusion, you must believe in it. You are not allowed to believe onIy results that seem plausible to you.


Well, I was wrong, at least in that case. The studies of behavioral priming that I had cited in the chapter were largely discredited in the famous replication crisis of psychology. I'll come back later to what the authors of those studies made of this. As you may now expect they didn't change their mind, but I did. And I publicly retracted the chapter.


However, it turns out that I onIy changed my mind about the evidence. My view of how the mind works didn't change at all. The evidence is gone, but the beliefs are still standing. Indeed, I cannot think of a single important opinion that I have changed as a result of losing my faith in the studies of behavioral priming, although they seemed quite important to me at the time.


(μ€‘λž΅)


The last anecdotes that I want to share with you are about the replication crisis, which turns out to be relevant to the topic of adversarial collaboration in several ways. I already mentioned that the early focus of the replication crisis was behavioral priming. Specifically, someone failed to replicate Bargh's iconic study of slow walking. I got actively engaged because I believed in Bargh's work. A former student had told me sometime earlier that she didn't believe the study and wanted to replicate it. And my answer to her was "don't try to replicate because you will fail. I would also fail, and yet I believe the results. These experiments demand a sort of artistic directorial skill that neither you nor I possess. But I believe that John Bargh does, and that he is capable of replicating his own results. And that's enough for me."Β 


I now think that this was probably another error of judgment on my part, but at that time, when I heard there would be a workshop on the problem of priming, I volunteered because I wanted to argue the case that some social psychologists have skills that are unique but solid.Β 


However, during the two-day workshop that we had on that problem, I was impressed by the strength of the sentiment that was building up against priming. When I came home, I wrote a letter to a list of priming researchers whose names I got mostly from Bargh. In the letter, I warned the researchers about a looming train-wreck that would be especially damaging to their students on the job market. I identified myself as a general believer and reiterated my skepticism about replications by investigators who lack the special skills needed for successful priming research. That's what I believed then. I suggested an idea that I call "daisy chain" replications, where a group of labs that agree on the phenomenon and agree that behavioral priming is real get together. Each lab picks its favorite result. The result of lab A is replicated by lab B, the result of B replicated by C, and so on.Β 


Social psychologists circled the wagons and developed a strong antipathy for the replicators. A President of the American Psychological Society called them "methodological terrorists."Β 


One week later, the letter was leaked and published in Nature with an incendiary title: "Nobel Laureate tells social psychologists to clean up their act." I had naively failed to anticipate this outcome. Then all hell broke loose.


Believe it or not. I've been blamed for causing the replication crisis by attracting media attention to a minor problem. Some social psychologists have wondered about my motives for wanting to destroy social psychology by that letter, and I lost many friends.


The crisis provides ample evidence for the thesis that I'm developing today. People didn't change their minds. Social psychologists circled the wagons and developed a strong antipathy for the replicators. A President of the American Psychological Society called them "methodological terrorists," and another eminent psychologist suggested that people who have ideas of their own would not get involved in replications. There were essentially no takers for my suggestion that priming researchers should proactively replicate each other's work. This eventually convinced me that they did not have real confidence. They believed their findings were true, but they were not quite sure they could replicate them, and they didn't want to take the riskβ€”another instance of belief perseverance.


[λ²ˆμ—­λ¬Έ]
λ°©λŒ€ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°œν‘œλœ 증거가 μ–΄λ–€ 결둠을 λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, 당신은 그것을 λ―Ώμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ κ·ΈλŸ΄μ‹Έν•΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 결과만 κ³¨λΌμ„œ λ―ΏλŠ” 것은 ν—ˆμš©λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


이제 μ €λŠ” λ„μ €νžˆ 떨쳐낼 수 μ—†λŠ” '신념 고수(belief perseverance)'에 λŒ€ν•œ 제 개인적인 κ²½ν—˜μ„ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 10λ…„ μ „, μ œκ°€ 아직 젊고 μ–΄λ¦¬μ„μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ μ €λŠ” γ€Šμƒκ°μ— κ΄€ν•œ 생각(Thinking, Fast and Slow)》을 μΆœκ°„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ μ±…μ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μž₯ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ '행동 점화(behavioral priming)'λ₯Ό 닀루고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 노년에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜κ²Œλ” μœ λ„λœ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν‰μ†Œλ³΄λ‹€ 더 천천히 걷게 λœλ‹€λŠ” 유λͺ…ν•œ 연ꡬ 같은 것 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ €λŠ” κ·Έ 증거가 제 관점에 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λŠκΌˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ νŠΉμ • μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ €μžμΈ μ‘΄ λ°”κ·Έ(John Bargh)κ°€ 제 μž‘μ—…μ— μ§€λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€λ‹€κ³  곡을 λŒλ¦¬κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


μ œκ°€ κ·Έ μž₯μ—μ„œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•œ λ†€λΌμš΄ 결과듀은 제 μ±…μ˜ μ„œν‰ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ μ–ΈκΈ‰λ˜μ—ˆκ³ , μ±…κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ν•΄ μ œκ°€ 받은 νŽΈμ§€μ—μ„œλ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λ–€ λ‚΄μš©λ³΄λ‹€ 자주 λ“±μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ €λŠ” κ·Έ λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ„ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ λ―Ώμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, 그에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ…ΌμŸν•  λ•Œ μ œκ°€ 과학에 κ΄€ν•΄ κ½€ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ£Όμž₯을 펼치고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 즉, 연ꡬ 결과에 λŒ€ν•œ λ―ΏμŒμ€ 선택 사항이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ©°, λ°©λŒ€ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°œν‘œλœ 증거가 μ–΄λ–€ 결둠을 λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 그것을 λ―Ώμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ κ·ΈλŸ΄λ“―ν•΄ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 결과만 λ―Ώμ–΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λœλ‹€κ³  말이죠.


ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 적어도 κ·Έ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μ œκ°€ ν‹€λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ κ·Έ μž₯μ—μ„œ μΈμš©ν–ˆλ˜ 행동 점화 연ꡬ듀은 μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™κ³„μ˜ κ·Έ 유λͺ…ν•œ 'μž¬ν˜„μ„± μœ„κΈ°(replication crisis)'λ₯Ό 거치며 상당 λΆ€λΆ„ 신빙성을 μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ €μžλ“€μ΄ 이 상황을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ˜€λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ‚˜μ€‘μ— λ‹€μ‹œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ§€κΈˆμ―€ μ§μž‘ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 λ§ˆμŒμ„ λ°”κΎΈμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ , μ €λŠ” λ§ˆμŒμ„ λ°”κΏ¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 μ €λŠ” 곡개적으둜 κ·Έ μž₯의 λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ² νšŒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 결과적으둜 μ €λŠ” 였직 '증거'에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ λ§ˆμŒμ„ λ°”κΎΌ μ…ˆμ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μΈκ°„μ˜ 마음이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 제 관점은 μ‘°κΈˆλ„ λ³€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”. μ¦κ±°λŠ” μ‚¬λΌμ‘Œμ§€λ§Œ, 신념은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‹€μ œλ‘œ, λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” 제게 κ½€ μ€‘μš”ν•΄ λ³΄μ˜€μŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  κ·Έ 행동 점화 연ꡬ듀에 λŒ€ν•œ λ―ΏμŒμ„ μžƒμ€ 결과둜 μ œκ°€ λ°”κΎΌ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ˜κ²¬μ€ 단 ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ λ– μ˜€λ₯΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


(μ€‘λž΅)


μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό λ‚˜λˆ„κ³  싢은 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 일화듀은 μž¬ν˜„μ„± μœ„κΈ°(replication crisis)에 κ΄€ν•œ 것인데, μ΄λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ λ©΄μ—μ„œ 'μ λŒ€μ  ν˜‘λ ₯(adversarial collaboration)'μ΄λΌλŠ” μ£Όμ œμ™€ 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•žμ„œ μ €λŠ” μž¬ν˜„μ„± μœ„κΈ°μ˜ 초기 초점이 행동 점화(behavioral priming)에 맞좰져 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ–ΈκΈ‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜 λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ 천천히 걷기에 κ΄€ν•œ μ‘΄ λ°”κ·Έ(John Bargh)의 상징적인 연ꡬλ₯Ό μž¬ν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•œ 일이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ €λŠ” λ°”κ·Έμ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό λ―Ώμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— 적극적으둜 κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–Έμ  κ°€ 제 μ˜ˆμ „ 학생 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…이 κ·Έ 연ꡬλ₯Ό λ―Ώμ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©° 직접 μž¬ν˜„ν•΄ 보고 μ‹Άλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•œ 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ•Œ μ €λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λŒ€λ‹΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μž¬ν˜„ν•˜λ €κ³  μ‹œλ„ν•˜μ§€ 마, μ‹€νŒ¨ν•  ν…Œλ‹ˆκΉŒ. λ‚˜λ„ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•  κ±°μ•Ό. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚œ κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ―Ώμ–΄. 이 μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ€ λ„ˆλ‚˜ λ‚˜ν•œν…ŒλŠ” μ—†λŠ” μΌμ’…μ˜ 예술적인 μ—°μΆœ λŠ₯λ ₯을 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•΄. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜λŠ” μ‘΄ λ°”κ·Έμ—κ²ŒλŠ” 그런 λŠ₯λ ₯이 있고, κ·Έκ°€ μžμ‹ μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μž¬ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώμ–΄. λ‚˜ν•œν…ŒλŠ” 그걸둜 μΆ©λΆ„ν•΄."

μ§€κΈˆ 생각해보면 이 μ—­μ‹œ 제 νŒλ‹¨ μ°©μ˜€μ˜€λ˜ 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” 점화 λ¬Έμ œμ— κ΄€ν•œ μ›Œν¬μˆμ΄ μ—΄λ¦°λ‹€λŠ” μ†Œμ‹μ„ λ“£κ³ , 일뢀 μ‚¬νšŒ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ…νŠΉν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ νƒ„νƒ„ν•œ κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ£Όμž₯을 펼치고 μ‹Άμ–΄ μžμ›ν•΄μ„œ μ°Έμ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ 문제λ₯Ό 닀룬 μ΄ν‹€κ°„μ˜ μ›Œν¬μˆ λ™μ•ˆ, μ €λŠ” 점화 연ꡬ에 λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 고쑰되고 μžˆλŠ” μ •μ„œκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ κ°•λ ₯ν•œμ§€ μ‹€κ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ˜¨ ν›„, μ €λŠ” 주둜 λ°”κ·Έμ—κ²Œμ„œ 받은 λͺ…단을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ 점화 μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ νŽΈμ§€μ—μ„œ μ €λŠ” λ‹€κ°€μ˜€λŠ” κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μž¬λ‚œ(looming train-wreck)이 특히 ꡬ직 μ‹œμž₯에 λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 큰 타격을 쀄 것이라고 μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ²½κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ €λŠ” 슀슀둜λ₯Ό μ „λ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œ 점화 효과λ₯Ό λ―ΏλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λΌκ³  밝히며, 성곡적인 점화 연ꡬ에 ν•„μš”ν•œ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 기술이 λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ˜ μž¬ν˜„ μ‹€ν—˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ €μ˜ 회의적인 μ‹œκ°μ„ λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλ²ˆ κ°•μ‘°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그것이 μ œκ°€ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ— λ―Ώμ—ˆλ˜ λ°”μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ €λŠ” κ·Έ ν˜„μƒμ— λ™μ˜ν•˜κ³  행동 점화가 μ‹€μž¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏλŠ” 연ꡬ싀듀이 ν•¨κ»˜ λͺ¨μ—¬ μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œμœ„ "데이지 체인(daisy chain)" μž¬ν˜„μ΄λΌλŠ” 아이디어λ₯Ό μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 연ꡬ싀이 κ°€μž₯ μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜λ©΄, A μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό B 연ꡬ싀이 μž¬ν˜„ν•˜κ³ , B의 κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” Cκ°€ μž¬ν˜„ν•˜λŠ” μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 꼬리λ₯Ό λ¬΄λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.


μ‚¬νšŒ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ°©μ–΄ νƒœμ„Έλ₯Ό μ·¨ν•˜λ©° κ²°μ†ν–ˆκ³ (circled the wagons), μž¬ν˜„ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ°•ν•œ λ°˜κ°μ„ κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ―Έκ΅­μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™νšŒ(American Psychological Society)의 ν•œ 회μž₯은 그듀을 κ°€λ¦¬μΌœ "방법둠적 ν…ŒλŸ¬λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈ"라고 λΆ€λ₯΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


일주일 ν›„, 이 νŽΈμ§€λŠ” μœ μΆœλ˜μ–΄ λ„€μ΄μ²˜(Nature)지에 μ‹€λ Έκ³ , κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” "노벨상 μˆ˜μƒμž, μ‚¬νšŒ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 슀슀둜 문제λ₯Ό λ°”λ‘œμž‘μœΌλΌκ³  일침을 κ°€ν•˜λ‹€"λΌλŠ” 자극적인 제λͺ©μ΄ λ‹¬λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ €λŠ” μˆœμ§„ν•˜κ²Œλ„ 이런 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ „ν˜€ μ˜ˆμƒν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그리고 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ•„μˆ˜λΌμž₯이 λ²Œμ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


λ―ΏκΈ°μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌμ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ, μ €λŠ” μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ— μ–Έλ‘ μ˜ 관심을 λŒμ–΄λ“€μ—¬ μž¬ν˜„μ„± μœ„κΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” λΉ„λ‚œμ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 일뢀 μ‚¬νšŒ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ œκ°€ κ·Έ νŽΈμ§€λ‘œ μ‚¬νšŒ 심리학을 νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λ € ν•œ 동기가 무엇인지 μ˜μ‹¬ν–ˆκ³ , μ €λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 친ꡬλ₯Ό μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


이 μœ„κΈ°λŠ” μ œκ°€ 였늘 μ „κ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ£Όμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 증거λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ§ˆμŒμ„ λ°”κΎΈμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‚¬νšŒ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ°©μ–΄ νƒœμ„Έλ₯Ό μ·¨ν•˜λ©° μž¬ν˜„ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ°•ν•œ λ°˜κ°μ„ κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ―Έκ΅­μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™νšŒμ˜ ν•œ 회μž₯은 그듀을 "방법둠적 ν…ŒλŸ¬λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈ"라고 λΆˆλ €μœΌλ©°, 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ €λͺ…ν•œ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλŠ” μžμ‹ λ§Œμ˜ κ³ μœ ν•œ 아이디어가 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λΌλ©΄ μž¬ν˜„ 연ꡬ λ”°μœ„μ—λŠ” κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 것이라고 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 점화 μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œμ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ„ μ œμ μœΌλ‘œ μž¬ν˜„ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 제 μ œμ•ˆμ„ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 사싀상 아무도 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” κ²°κ΅­ κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ§„μ§œ μžμ‹ κ°μ΄ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 제게 ν™•μ‹ μ‹œμΌœ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그듀은 μžμ‹ μ˜ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ 사싀이라고 λ―Ώμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, 그것을 μž¬ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€λŠ” ν™•μ‹ ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆκ³  κ·Έ μœ„ν—˜μ„ κ°μˆ˜ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” '신념 고수(belief perseverance)'의 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λ‘€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.


좜처:Β μ—£μ§€EDGE μž¬λ‹¨, 'μ λŒ€μ  ν˜‘λ ₯Adversarial Collaboration: An EDGE Lecture by Daniel Kahneman'Β 

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