ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์ž ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘์ž ์—ญํ•™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ '๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์ƒํƒœ(ๅŸบๅบ•็‹€ๆ…‹)์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€(ground state energy)'๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜