https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/energy/the-myth-of-the-inevitablerise-of-apetroyuan/2023/02/27/7d6cd58c-b65e-11ed-b0df-8ca14de679ad_story.html
In diplomacy, whatβs left unsaid often matters more than whatβs said. After Chinese President Xi Jinping met the king of Saudi Arabia in December, both nations issued lengthy readouts extolling the burgeoning Saudi-Sino relationship in βall fields.β But in more than 5,000 words, the statements were silent on the much-hyped idea of using the yuan to price oil.
The communiques said nothing at all about it. Zero. zilch. Nada.
The inevitability of a petroyuan has become a popular take in the financial blogosphere: China flexing its muscles as an emerging power, elbowing one of the most visible and enduring signs of the 75-year US hegemony in the Middle East.If you believe in conspiracy theories, the introduction of a petroyuan, and the ensuing collapse of the petrodollar, would be a first domino, potentially weakening the whole US financial system. Very serious stuff. A redrawing of the global economic map. The backdrop to crisis and wars.
Astonishing as it is, the narrative is an illusion.Ask quietly in government circles in Riyadh, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait City or Doha about the petroyuan, and the response β even in the weeks following Xiβs visit to Riyadh β is unanimous: the petrodollar is here to stay.
On a recent trip to the region, I didnβt hear a single official talking seriously about making preparations to introduce a new currency to the mix. The answers sound a lot like this: Whatβs in it for us? The greenback is freely convertible, the yuan isnβt; the dollar is liquid, the yuan isnβt.
Thatβs the polite version; the more candid answers sounded even more emphatic about the absurdity of turning to a managed currency produced by an opaque and unpredictable financial machine.As in every conspiracy, thereβs a grain of truth in the petroyuan tale, however.
Xi did encourage the region to embrace the yuan for oil trade. But rather than pricing oil in yuan, as many had expected, Xi simply asked Middle East producers to accept payments in yuan.Middle East officials were lukewarm at best. In public, they are open to debate the merits, but not much more.
βThere are no issues with discussing how we settle our trade arrangements, whether it is in the US dollar, whether it is the euro, whether it is the Saudi riyal,β Saudi Finance Minister Mohammed Al-Jadaan said last month. Thani Al Zeyoudi, the Emirati trade minister, said his country was prepared to discuss settling trade in different currencies, but only for βnon-oilβ deals.In the region, the petroyuan is also seen as a door that, once opened, would invite followers.
India may want a petrorupee, officials say; Japan, South Korea and Taiwan could seek similar arrangements. Although China is Saudi Arabiaβs largest oil customer, taking roughly 26% of its oil exports, the combination of Japan and South Korea surpasses that share, reaching 28%. Add Taiwan, and the trio account for nearly one-third of Saudi petroleum exports.
If you say βyesβ to the petroyuan, how can you refuse, say, the petroyen and the petrowon? Going beyond settling oil trade invoices in yuan is even harder. The appetite among OPEC producers to price oil in yuan using a Chinese exchange is almost nil. Middle Eastern national oil companies closely watch how Beijing tries to manipulate local commodity prices such as iron ore, cotton, coal or grains every time prices rise above its pain threshold.
Having spent 60 years building a formidable cartel, why would Middle East nations cede pricing power to China?Beyond Chinese capital controls, Middle East oil-producing nations have other reasons to stick to the dollar. A crucial one is that most of their currencies are pegged to the greenback, requiring a constant influx of dollars to support the arrangement. Those savings are held in dollar accounts, so Middle East countries have an interest in keeping the dollar strong.
Petroyuan fans play down the importance of the currency pegs. They do have a point, as those pegs can be abandoned or, at least, tweaked. But I havenβt seen any signs thatβs about to happen. The other argument in favor of the petroyuan is that the US has weaponized the dollar via oil sanctions on Venezuela, Russia and Iran, making an alternative payment not only likely but necessary.
Perhaps, but this isnβt the first time the US has imposed oil sanctions, and the dollar hasnβt suffered. Libya demanded β and got β payment in European currencies in the 1990s, as did Iraq.
Ironically, the only new petrocurrency to emerge of late has been the dirham of the United Arab Emirates. India is using it to settle some oil transactions with Russia, bypassing US sanctions. But for the past 25 years, the dirham has been pegged to the US dollar β another indication that the petrodollar remains the only petrocurrency that really matters.
Javier Blas is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering energy and commodities. A former reporter for Bloomberg News and commodities editor at the Financial Times, he is coauthor of βThe World for Sale: Money, Power and the Traders Who Barter the Earthβs Resources.β
λ²μ
μΈκ΅μμλ λ§λ³΄λ€ λ§νμ§ μλ κ²μ΄ λ μ€μν κ²½μ°κ° λ§μ΅λλ€. 12μ μμ§ν μ€κ΅ κ΅κ°μ£Όμμ΄ μ¬μ°λμλΌλΉμ κ΅μμ λ§λ ν μκ΅μ "λͺ¨λ λΆμΌ"μμ κΈμ±μ₯νκ³ μλ μ¬μ°λ-μ€κ΅ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό μ°¬μνλ μ₯λ¬Έμ μ±λͺ
μ λ°ννμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ 5,000λ¨μ΄κ° λλ μ±λͺ
μμμ μμνλ₯Ό μμ κ°κ²©μ μ¬μ©νλ€λ κ³Όμ₯λ μμ΄λμ΄μ λν΄μλ 침묡νμ΅λλ€.
곡λμ±λͺ
μλ μ΄μ λν μΈκΈμ΄ μ ν μμμ΅λλ€. μ νμ
ννΈλ‘ μμνμ λΆκ°νΌμ±μ κΈμ΅ λΈλ‘κ³ μ€νΌμ΄μμ μΈκΈ° μλ μ£Όμ₯μ΄ λμμ΅λλ€: μ€κ΅μ΄ μ ν₯ κ°κ΅μΌλ‘μ κ·Όμ‘μ ꡬλΆλ¦¬κ³ μ€λμμ 75 λ
λμ λ―Έκ΅μ ν¨κΆμ κ°μ₯ λμ λκ³ μ§μμ μΈ μ§ν μ€ νλλ₯Ό νκΏμΉλ‘ ꡬλΆλ¦¬κ³ μμ΅λλ€. μλͺ¨λ‘ μ λ―Ώλλ€λ©΄ ννΈλ‘ μμμ λμ
κ³Ό κ·Έμ λ°λ₯Έ ννΈλ‘ λ¬λ¬μ λΆκ΄΄λ μ μ¬μ μΌλ‘ μ 체 λ―Έκ΅ κΈμ΅ μμ€ν
μ μ½νμν€λ 첫 λ²μ§Έ λλ―Έλ
Έκ° λ κ²μ
λλ€. λ§€μ° μ¬κ°ν λ¬Έμ μ
λλ€. μΈκ³ κ²½μ μ§λκ° λ€μ κ·Έλ €μ§κ³ μμ΅λλ€. μκΈ°μ μ μμ λ°°κ²½.
리μΌλ, μλΆλ€λΉ, μΏ μ¨μ΄νΈμν°, λνμ μ λΆ κ΄κ³μλ€μκ² μ‘°μ©ν ννΈλ‘λ¬λ¬μ λν΄ λ¬Όμ΄λ³΄λ©΄ μ μ£Όμμ 리μΌλ λ°©λ¬Έ μ΄ν λͺ μ£Ό λμμλ λ§μ₯μΌμΉλ‘ ννΈλ‘λ¬λ¬λ κ³μ μ μ§λ κ²μ΄λΌλ μλ΅μ΄ λμμ΅λλ€.
μ΅κ·Ό μ΄ μ§μμ λ°©λ¬Ένμ λ μλ‘μ΄ ν΅νλ₯Ό λμ
νκΈ° μν μ€λΉμ λν΄ μ§μ§νκ² μ΄μΌκΈ°νλ 곡무μμ ν λͺ
λ λ£μ§ λͺ»νμ΅λλ€. λλ΅μ λμ²΄λ‘ μ΄λ° μμ΄μμ΅λλ€: μ°λ¦¬μκ² μ΄λ€ μ΄λμ΄ μμκΉμ? λ¬λ¬λ μμ λ‘κ² νμ ν μ μμ§λ§ μμνλ κ·Έλ μ§ μκ³ , λ¬λ¬λ μ λμ μ΄μ§λ§ μμνλ κ·Έλ μ§ μλ€λ κ²μ΄μ£ .
μ’ λ μμ§ν λ΅λ³μ λΆν¬λͺ
νκ³ μμΈ‘ν μ μλ κΈμ΅ κΈ°κ³μ μν΄ μμ°λλ κ΄λ¦¬ ν΅νμ μμ‘΄νλ κ²μ λΆμ‘°λ¦¬ν¨μ λμ± κ°μ‘°νλ κ²μ²λΌ λ€λ Έμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ λͺ¨λ μλͺ¨κ° κ·Έλ λ―μ΄ ννΈλ‘ μμν μ΄μΌκΈ°μλ μ§μ€μ ν μμ΄ λ€μ΄ μμ΅λλ€.
μ μ£Όμμ μμ 무μμ μμνλ₯Ό λμ
νλλ‘ μ₯λ €νμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ λ§μ μ¬λλ€μ΄ μμνλ κ²μ²λΌ μ μ£Όμμ μμ κ°κ²©μ μμνλ‘ μ±
μ νλ λμ μ€λ μ°μ κ΅λ€μκ² μμνλ‘ κ²°μ ν΄ λ¬λΌκ³ μμ²νκ³ , μ€λ κ΄λ¦¬λ€μ κΈ°κ»ν΄μΌ λ―Έμ¨μ μΈ νλλ₯Ό μ·¨νμ΅λλ€. 곡κ°μ μΌλ‘λ μ₯μ μ λν΄ ν λ‘ ν μ©μκ° μμ§λ§ κ·Έ μ΄μμ μλλλ€.
λͺ¨νλ©λ μμλ¨ μ¬μ°λ μ¬λ¬΄μ₯κ΄μ μ§λλ¬ "λ―Έκ΅ λ¬λ¬λ μ λ‘νλ μ¬μ°λ 리μμ΄λ 무μ κ²°μ λ°©μμ λ
Όμνλ λ° μλ¬΄λ° λ¬Έμ κ° μλ€"κ³ λ§νμ΅λλ€. μλ―Έλ¦¬νΈ λ¬΄μλΆ μ₯κ΄μΈ νλ μ μ μ λλ μκ΅μ΄ λ€λ₯Έ ν΅νλ‘ λ¬΄μμ κ²°μ νλ λ°©μμ λ
Όμν μ€λΉκ° λμ΄ μμ§λ§ μ΄λ 'λΉμμ ' κ±°λμ ννλ©°, ννΈλ‘루νΌλ μ΄ μ§μμμ μΌλ¨ κ°λ°©λλ©΄ μΆμ’
μλ€μ λμ΄λ€μΌ μ μλ λ¬ΈμΌλ‘ μ¬κ²¨μ§κ³ μλ€κ³ λ§νμ΅λλ€.
κ΄λ¦¬λ€μ μΈλκ° ννΈλ‘루νΌλ₯Ό μν μ μμΌλ©° μΌλ³Έ, νκ΅, λλ§λ λΉμ·ν νμ μ λͺ¨μν μ μλ€κ³ λ§ν©λλ€. μ€κ΅μ μ¬μ°λμλΌλΉμμ μ΅λ μμ κ³ κ°μΌλ‘ μμ μμΆμ μ½ 26%λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§νμ§λ§, μΌλ³Έκ³Ό νκ΅μ ν©μΉλ©΄ κ·Έ λΉμ€μ΄ 28%μ λ¬ν©λλ€. μ¬κΈ°μ λλ§μ λνλ©΄ μ΄ μΈ λλΌκ° μ¬μ°λ μμ μμΆμ κ±°μ 3λΆμ 1μ μ°¨μ§ν©λλ€.
ννΈλ‘μκ³Ό ννΈλ‘μμ μ μμ "μμ€"λΌκ³ νλ©΄ μ΄λ»κ² κ±°μ ν μ μμκΉμ? μμ 무μ μ‘μ₯μ μμνλ‘ κ²°μ νλ κ² μ΄μμΌλ‘ λμκ°λ κ²μ ν¨μ¬ λ μ΄λ ΅μ΅λλ€. μ€κ΅ κ±°λμλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μμνλ‘ μμ κ°κ²©μ μ±
μ νλ €λ OPEC μ°μ κ΅λ€μ κ±°μ μμ΅λλ€. μ€λ κ΅μ μμ νμ¬λ€μ μ² κ΄μ, λ©΄ν, μν, 곑물 λ± νμ§ μμμ¬ κ°κ²©μ΄ κ³ ν΅ μκ³μΉ μ΄μμΌλ‘ μμΉν λλ§λ€ μ€κ΅μ΄ μ΄λ»κ² κ°κ²©μ μ‘°μνλ €κ³ νλμ§ λ©΄λ°ν μ£Όμνκ³ μμ΅λλ€.
60λ λμ κ°λ ₯ν μΉ΄λ₯΄ν μ ꡬμΆν μ€λ κ΅κ°λ€μ΄ μ μ€κ΅μ κ°κ²© κ²°μ κΆμ λ겨μ€κΉμ? μ€κ΅μ μλ³Έ ν΅μ μΈμλ μ€λ μ°μ κ΅λ€μ΄ μ¬μ ν λ¬λ¬νλ₯Ό κ³ μνλ λ°μλ λ€λ₯Έ μ΄μ κ° μμ΅λλ€. κ°μ₯ μ€μν μ΄μ λ λλΆλΆμ ν΅νκ° λ¬λ¬μ κ³ μ λμ΄ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ΄λ₯Ό μ μ§νκΈ° μν΄ μ§μμ μΈ λ¬λ¬ μ μ μ΄ νμνλ€λ μ μ λλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ μΆμ λ¬λ¬ κ³μ’μ 보κ΄λκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ€λ κ΅κ°λ€μ λ¬λ¬ κ°μΈ μ μ§μ κ΄μ¬μ΄ μμ΅λλ€. ννΈλ‘ν μ§μ§μλ€μ ν΅ν νκ·Έμ μ€μμ±μ κ°μ‘°ν©λλ€. νκ·Έμ λ λ²λ €μ§κ±°λ μ΅μν μ‘°μ λ μ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μΌλ¦¬κ° μμ΅λλ€. νμ§λ§ κ·Έλ° μΌμ΄ μΌμ΄λ μ‘°μ§μ μμ§ λ³΄μ΄μ§ μμ΅λλ€. ννΈλ‘μμμ μ§μ§νλ λ λ€λ₯Έ μ£Όμ₯μ λ―Έκ΅μ΄ λ² λ€μμλΌ, λ¬μμ, μ΄λμ λν μμ μ μ¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ¬λ¬λ₯Ό 무기ννκΈ° λλ¬Έμ λ체 κ²°μ μλ¨μ΄ νμν λΏλ§ μλλΌ κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λλ€λ κ²μ λλ€. κ·Έλ΄ μλ μμ§λ§ λ―Έκ΅μ΄ μμ μ μ¬λ₯Ό κ°ν κ²μ μ΄λ²μ΄ μ²μμ΄ μλλ©° λ¬λ¬κ° ν격μ μ μ§ μμμ΅λλ€. 리λΉμλ 1990λ λμ μ΄λΌν¬μ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ‘ μ λ½ ν΅νλ‘ μ§λΆμ μꡬνκ³ , μ€μ λ‘ λ°μμ΅λλ€. μμ΄λ¬λνκ²λ μ΅κ·Όμ λ±μ₯ν μ μΌν μλ‘μ΄ μμ ν΅νλ μλμ미리νΈμ λλ₯΄ν¨μ λλ€. μΈλλ λ―Έκ΅μ μ μ¬λ₯Ό μ°ννμ¬ λ¬μμμμ μΌλΆ μμ κ±°λλ₯Ό κ²°μ νλ λ° λλμ μ¬μ©νκ³ μμ΅λλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ§λ 25λ λμ λλμ λ―Έκ΅ λ¬λ¬μ κ³ μ λμ΄ μμμΌλ©°, μ΄λ ννΈλ‘λ¬λ¬κ° μ¬μ ν μ€μν μ μΌν μμ ν΅νλΌλ λ λ€λ₯Έ μ¦κ±°μ λλ€. νλΉμλ₯΄ λΈλΌμ€λ μλμ§μ μμμ¬λ₯Ό λ€λ£¨λ λΈλ£Έλ²κ·Έ μ€νΌλμΈ μΉΌλΌλμ€νΈμ λλ€. λΈλ£Έλ²κ·Έ λ΄μ€μ μ κΈ°μμ΄μ νμ΄λΈμ νμμ¦μ μμμ¬ νΈμ§μμλ κ·Έλ "The World for Sale"μ 곡λ μ μμ λλ€: λ, κΆλ ₯, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ§κ΅¬μ μμμ λ¬Όλ¬Όκ΅ννλ μμΈλ€"μ μ μμ΄κΈ°λ ν©λλ€.
ν΄λΉ λκΈμ μμ λμμ΅λλ€.
μ μ΄μ λ―Έκ΅λ°©μ΄μμ΄ μ΄λκ³Όλ°κ΅°μλ§μλ건 μ¬μ°λνν 무리μ§γ - dc App
λΉμ°νκ±° μλλ Έ μ μ΄μ μ¬μ°λ μ€μΌνμκ° ννΈλ‘ λ¬λ¬μμ λμ€λλ° κ·Έκ±Έ μ΄μΌ κ±·μ΄μ°¨.
κ·Έ λλΌλ€μ ν΅νκ° λ¬λ¬μ νκ·ΈλΌμκ³ κ·Έκ±Έ λ―Ώμ μ μλ μμνλ‘ κ°μν κ°λ₯μμ΄ μλ€λ μ¬μ€μ λΉ λ¨λ¦¬λ©΄ μ€ν΄νλ€λ λ§μ΄λ€. μ λ΄€λ€.
λ―Έκ΅ λ¬λΌμλ λ°μ©λ€λͺ»ν΄ λ¨κ±°μ λ€μ§λλ° μ’λ³μ μμνλ‘ μ κ°μνλ Έ