https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/03/03/China-tells-foreign-law-professors-to-prove-they-will-obey-Xi-Jinping


China appears to be requiring foreign law professors to submit their syllabuses to ensure they are following a doctrine President Xi Jinping has been pressing across the nationโ€™s society to cement his control.



์ค‘๊ตญ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์ฃผ์„์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์••๋ฐ•์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฒ•ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



James Zimmerman, a media lawyer with law firm Perkins Coie, posted a document on Twitter that he said law professors at a university in Beijing were required to fill out and submit to superiors before classes started.



๋กœํŽŒ ํผํ‚จ์Šค ์ฝ”์ด์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์ง๋จธ๋งจ์€ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์˜ ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ฒ•ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „์— ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ถœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์— ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



The documentโ€™s โ€œGeneral ivesโ€ is filled out for the educators, saying: โ€œGuided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, this course places a focus on every aspect of studentsโ€™ morality education.โ€



์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ '์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•ญ'์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ต์œก์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: "์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ '์‹ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํŠน์ƒ‰ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜'์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋„๋• ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค."




It said that students will โ€œacquire knowledge and skills,โ€ adding: โ€œBesides, students will understand and practice the core values of Chinese socialism, and learn to combine personal fulfillment with social and national development.โ€



๋˜ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ "์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: "๋˜ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."



Zimmerman confirmed to Bloomberg News that he posted the document, saying he got it from a foreign law professor in China. He declined to provide more information about its origins.



์ง๋จธ๋งจ์€ ๋ธ”๋ฃธ๋ฒ„๊ทธํ†ต์‹ ์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



He said the syllabus requirement for the educators was first rumored in the fall, and โ€œthe template I posted was recently circulated to the professors.โ€


๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•œ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



It wasnโ€™t immediately clear if the requirement also was being applied to professors in other subjects.


Perkins Coie, which is headquartered in Seattle, also provides legal services to Bloomberg LP.



์ด ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


์‹œ์• ํ‹€์— ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ํผํ‚จ์Šค ์ฝ”์ด๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ฃธ๋ฒ„๊ทธ LP์— ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



The document underscores how Xi has curtailed academic freedom over his decade in power โ€” and how the problem will likely be exacerbated after he is named president for another five years at the annual National Peopleโ€™s Congress meeting starting Sunday.



์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์ด ์ง‘๊ถŒ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ถ•์†Œํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ์š”์ผ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ก€ ์ „๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์ด 5๋…„ ๋” ์ฃผ์„์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋œ ํ›„ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•…ํ™”๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



Xi Thought is an esoteric concept the ruling Communist Party wrote into its five-year development blueprint in 2020. People including diplomats, executives and writers face pressure to incorporate the broad, often fuzzy tenets of the ideology into their policies and work.



์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ์ง‘๊ถŒ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด 2020๋…„ 5๊ฐœ๋…„ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋‹ด์€ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€, ๊ฐ„๋ถ€, ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์ด ์ด๋…์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์—…๋ฌด์— ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์••๋ฐ•์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



The drive to intensify the study of Xi Thought even reaches Chinaโ€™s youngsters. In 2021, the party said children in primary school and the first two years of secondary school should attend one class per week thatโ€™s based on training materials derived from the ideology.



์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์€ 2021๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„๊ณผ ์ค‘๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1, 2ํ•™๋…„ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ๊ต์œก ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



The project has been central to Xiโ€™s effort to quiet opposition and elevate his political standing to the level of Mao Zedong, the founder of the Peopleโ€™s Republic whose likeness appears over Tiananmen Square and is printed on the currency.



์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ฒœ์•ˆ๋ฌธ ๊ด‘์žฅ์— ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ์ด ํ™”ํ์— ์ธ์‡„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž ๋งˆ์˜ค์ฉŒ๋‘ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ž ์žฌ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์  ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ ์ฃผ์„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



The Chinese government recently tightened rules covering legal education and research. Among the points addressed in a document published by the official Xinhua News Agency on February 26 were requirements for law schools to use Xi Jinping Thought to guide studies.



์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2์›” 26์ผ ๊ด€์˜ ์‹ ํ™”ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋กœ์Šค์ฟจ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•‘ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง€์นจ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



In particular, teachers and students were asked to โ€œresolutely oppose and boycott wrongful Western ideas including โ€˜constitutionalism,โ€™ โ€˜separation of powersโ€™ and โ€˜judicial independence.โ€™โ€


ํŠนํžˆ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ "'์ž…ํ—Œ์ฃผ์˜', '๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ', '์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ๋…๋ฆฝ' ๋“ฑ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋‹จํ˜ธํžˆ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์ด์ฝงํ•  ๊ฒƒ"์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



That reiterated demands the government made in 2013, when the party circulated a list of โ€œseven taboo topics that are banned from discussion in classrooms, including freedom of speech, universal values, civil rights and past mistakes the party made.



์ด๋Š” 2013๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ '์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์ž์œ , ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜, ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ, ๋‹น์ด ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค์—์„œ ํ† ๋ก ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋œ 7๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์ œ' ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.



Chinese lecturers at some universities are required to submit a list of textbooks they use for teaching. In certain instances, they are asked to swap a textbook imported from abroad for a domestically published one, or go through an approval process if there was no alternative.



์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ดย ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ œ์ถœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ถœํŒ๋œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šน์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์Šน์ž