[메모中] Centum Satem Tocharian

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사템어에서는 인도유럽조어의 경구개음 계열이 마찰음으로 변했으며 양순연구개음 계열은 연구개음 계열과 합쳐졌다. 반면 켄툼어에서는 경구개음 계열과 연구개음 계열이 합쳐지고 양순연구개음 계열은 별개로 남았다. 이러한 음운 변화는 숫자 ‘100’을 뜻하는 ⓐ 아베스타어 단어 ‘satem’과 ⓑ 라틴어 단어 ‘centum’에 잘 드러나는데, 인도유럽조어에서 경구개 파열음이었던 어두 자음이 ⓐ 전자에서는 마찰음 [s]로 변하고 ⓑ 후자에서는 연구개음 [k]로 변한 것이다.

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100 → [S]atem [K]entum Sintashta Andronovo

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Preceded by Corded Ware culture Poltavka culture Abashevo culture Followed by Andronovo culture

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기본 연구개음(연양) 마찰음(경) = 인도이란어파, 발트슬라브어파, 알바니아어, 아르메니아어 기본 연구개음(연경) 양순연구개음 = 게르만어파, 이탈리아어파, 켈트어파, 그리스어파, 아나톨리아어파, 토하라어

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PIE → PII Sintashta Andoronovo PII ∝ R1a Yamnaya Afasievo PIE ∝ R1b

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The Corded Ware Culture also shows genetic affinity with the later Sintashta culture, where the Proto-Indo-Iranian language may have originated.

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There is no archaeological or genetic evidence linking the Xiaohe and Afanaseivo cultures. The Afanaseivo culture is characterized by chariots, pottery, timber chamber and rectangular stone enclosure burials, inhumation and creamation. The Afanasievo culture never reached the Tarim Basin.

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The Xiaohe and Afanaseivo cultures are incongruent. The Xiaohe culture lacked pottery, but include huge phallus posts, coffins and mummies.

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Allentoft et al. (2015) study also confirms that the Afanasevo culture was replaced by the second wave of Indo-European migrations from the Andronovo culture during late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.[1][note 1] Tarim mummies were also found to be genetically closer to the Andronovo culture[1] than to the Yamnaya culture or Afanasevo culture.

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However, the culture and the technology in the northwest region of Tarim basin were less advanced than that in the East China of Yellow River-Erlitou (2070 BCE ~ 1600 BCE) or Majiayao culture (3100 BCE ~ 2600 BCE), the earliest bronze-using cultures in China,

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which implies that the northwest region did not use copper or any metal until bronze technology was introduced to the region by the Shang dynasty in about 1600 BC. The earliest bronze artifacts in China are found at the Majiayao culture site (between 3100 and 2700 BC),[31][32] and it is from this location and time period that Chinese Bronze Age spread.

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Hui acknolwedges that... The Dravidian speakers left placenames throughout Central Asia, and is the substratum language in Tocharian, Mongolian and Chinese [8-10]. Dravidians also founded the Anyang-Shang Dynasty of China [8].

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이상한 주장

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Afanasievo = copper age Andronovo = tin + bronze age